Some older people on testosterone therapy could face increased cardiac risks. A comprehensive review published in Frontiers in Pharmacology noted that, "Research has discovered that Epimedium extract enhances the secretion of testosterone in Leydig cells (5). Rich in antioxidants and potent compounds called saponins, there is evidence for the testosterone-boosting effects of fenugreek. In addition to these physical features, testosterone is vital for reproductive health, including libido, erectile function, and spermatogenesis (2). They are rich in antioxidants that eliminate free radicals and lower oxidative stress, helping to support overall immunity and repair damage to the Leydig cells in the testes. The ingredients in this supplement help boost testosterone levels through more than one mechanism. Resistance training and l-arginine supplementation are determinant in genomic stability, cardiac contractility and muscle mass development in rats. Effect of threonine on immunity and reproductive performance of male mice infected with pseudorabies virus. Carli G, Bonifazi M, Lodi L, Lupo C, Martelli G, Viti A. Changes in the exercise-induced hormone response to branched chain amino acid administration. Increased serum and testicular androgen levels in f1 rats with lifetime exposure to soy isoflavones. Reversal of ciprofloxacin-induced testosterone reduction by probiotic microbes in mouse testes. Resveratrol in grapes and red wine enhances spermatogenesis and testosterone production but may inhibit androgen production in some conditions. As men age and testosterone levels decline, they may experience sarcopenia, decreased bone mineral density, reduced libido, erectile dysfunction, fatigue, and cognitive decline. This condition is typically treated with testosterone replacement therapy, which can have side effects such as reduced spermatogenesis and decreased fertility due to negative feedback on the hypothalamus and pituitary. Late-onset male hypogonadism is characterized by a decline in testosterone production due to aging. We have shown that antioxidant supplements have a positive effect on serum sex hormone levels in men with idiopathic infertility. At the same time, during oxidative stress, testicular inhibition and E2 secretion increase and inhibit the testosterone release. Stress-induced elevation of glucocorticoid levels can directly reduce the testosterone levels. Twelve weeks of daily supplementation with 1.0 g of a musali extract in 40 healthy men, aged between 20 and 40 y, did not significantly increase testosterone concentrations compared with the placebo group. Daily supplementation with 800 mg of a tribulus extract for 30 d did not increase testosterone concentrations, while in the Neychev and Mitev study (54) in 21 participants aged 20 to 36 y, a tribulus extract at 2 doses, 10 mg ⸱ kg−1 ⸱ d−1 (3 divided doses) or 20 mg ⸱ kg−1 ⸱ d−1 (3 divided doses), did not increase testosterone concentrations after 4 wk of supplementation. Another study, which involved 148 idiopathic infertile men, indicated that the intake of oral antioxidants for 3 months significantly increased sperm concentration and motility after treatment. Reducing the oxidative stress with antioxidant supplements has the potential to improve semen parameters similar to the TMSC increase observed in the treatment group of this study. In males, there exists an inverse correlation between obesity and testosterone levels (37). However, previous studies have also indicated that smokers tend to have higher testosterone levels compared to non-smokers (35). Long-term alcohol consumption can impair the male gonadal axis and lead to a reduction in testosterone levels (33). However, a study has also shown no association between cholesterol intake and testosterone levels (17).
